{ "Type": "POS:PRON", "EnglishName": "Pronominal System and Person Marking", "IndoName": "Sistem Pronomina dan Penandaan Persona dalam Bahasa Arab", "Description": "Menjelaskan pronomina personal dalam bahasa Arab serta fitur persona, gender, dan jumlah yang menyertainya. Pronomina dapat berbentuk terpisah (munfaṣil) atau terikat (muttaṣil), sedangkan persona, gender, dan jumlah juga dapat ditandai melalui infleksi pada fi‘il.", "DescriptionEn": "Describes personal pronouns in Arabic and the associated features of person, gender, and number. Pronouns may occur as independent (munfaṣil) or attached (muttaṣil) forms, while person, gender, and number may also be expressed through verbal inflection.", "Children": [ { "Type": "POS:PRON", "EnglishName": "Personal Pronoun", "IndoName": "Kata Ganti Personal (Dhamir)", "Description": "Dhamir adalah pronomina personal yang merujuk kepada pembicara, lawan bicara, atau pihak yang dibicarakan. Dalam analisis morfologi, kategori PRON digunakan untuk pronomina personal, baik yang berdiri sendiri maupun yang muncul sebagai segmen pronomina terikat.", "DescriptionEn": "A dhamir is a personal pronoun referring to the speaker, the addressee, or a third party. In morphological analysis, the PRON category is used for personal pronouns, including both independent forms and attached pronominal segments.", "ArabicExamples": [ "أَنَا", "هُوَ", "نَحْنُ", "أَنْتُمْ", "هِيَ" ], "ArabicExamplesFullHarakat": [ "أَنَا", "هُوَ", "نَحْنُ", "أَنْتُمْ", "هِيَ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "saya / aku", "dia (laki-laki)", "kami / kita", "kalian (laki-laki)", "dia (perempuan)" ], "EngExamples": [ "I", "he", "we", "you (masculine plural)", "she" ], "DataTables": [ { "IndoName": "Tabel Dasar Dhamir Munfaṣil", "RowsData": [ [ "Kategori", "Jamak", "Ganda", "Tunggal" ], [ "Orang Ketiga (Laki-laki)", "هُمْ", "هُمَا", "هُوَ" ], [ "Orang Ketiga (Perempuan)", "هُنَّ", "هُمَا", "هِيَ" ], [ "Orang Kedua (Laki-laki)", "أَنْتُمْ", "أَنْتُمَا", "أَنْتَ" ], [ "Orang Kedua (Perempuan)", "أَنْتُنَّ", "أَنْتُمَا", "أَنْتِ" ], [ "Orang Pertama", "نَحْنُ", "—", "أَنَا" ] ] } ], "DataTablesEng": [ { "EnglishName": "Basic Independent Pronoun Table", "RowsData": [ [ "Category", "Plural", "Dual", "Singular" ], [ "Third Person (Masculine)", "هُمْ", "هُمَا", "هُوَ" ], [ "Third Person (Feminine)", "هُنَّ", "هُمَا", "هِيَ" ], [ "Second Person (Masculine)", "أَنْتُمْ", "أَنْتُمَا", "أَنْتَ" ], [ "Second Person (Feminine)", "أَنْتُنَّ", "أَنْتُمَا", "أَنْتِ" ], [ "First Person", "نَحْنُ", "—", "أَنَا" ] ] } ], "Penjelasan": [ { "IndoName": "Bersifat Mabnī", "EngName": "Indeclinable Form", "Description": "Dhamir bersifat mabnī; bentuk akhirnya tidak berubah karena i‘rāb, tetapi dhamir dapat menempati kedudukan raf‘, naṣb, atau jar sesuai fungsi sintaksisnya.", "DescriptionEn": "Pronouns are indeclinable (mabnī); their endings do not change for case, although a pronoun may occupy a nominative, accusative, or genitive syntactic position.", "ArabicExamples": [ "هُوَ فَاعِلٌ", "رَأَيْتُهُ", "لَهُ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "هُوَ berada pada posisi raf‘ sebagai subjek.", "ـهُ pada رَأَيْتُهُ berada pada posisi naṣb sebagai objek.", "ـهُ pada لَهُ berada pada posisi jar setelah huruf jar." ], "EngExamples": [ "هُوَ occupies a nominative position as the subject.", "ـهُ in رَأَيْتُهُ occupies an accusative position as the object.", "ـهُ in لَهُ occupies a genitive position after a preposition." ] }, { "IndoName": "Rujukan Personal", "EngName": "Personal Reference", "Description": "Dhamir menunjukkan persona pertama, kedua, atau ketiga dan dapat membawa informasi gender serta jumlah.", "DescriptionEn": "A personal pronoun marks first, second, or third person and may also encode gender and number.", "ArabicExamples": [ "أَنَا", "أَنْتِ", "هُمْ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "أَنَا = orang pertama tunggal.", "أَنْتِ = orang kedua feminin tunggal.", "هُمْ = orang ketiga maskulin jamak." ], "EngExamples": [ "أَنَا = first person singular.", "أَنْتِ = second person feminine singular.", "هُمْ = third person masculine plural." ] }, { "IndoName": "Bentuk Terpisah dan Terikat", "EngName": "Independent and Attached Forms", "Description": "Dhamir dapat hadir sebagai bentuk terpisah atau sebagai segmen terikat yang melekat pada kata lain.", "DescriptionEn": "Pronouns may occur as independent forms or as attached pronominal segments joined to another word.", "ArabicExamples": [ "أَنَا", "كِتَابُهُ", "رَأَيْتُهُ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "أَنَا adalah dhamir terpisah.", "ـهُ pada كِتَابُهُ adalah pronomina terikat posesif.", "ـهُ pada رَأَيْتُهُ adalah pronomina terikat sebagai objek." ], "EngExamples": [ "أَنَا is an independent pronoun.", "ـهُ in كِتَابُهُ is an attached possessive pronoun.", "ـهُ in رَأَيْتُهُ is an attached object pronoun." ] } ] }, { "Type": "PRON:1P, PRON:1S, PRON:2D, PRON:2FD, PRON:2FP, PRON:2FS, PRON:2MD, PRON:2MP, PRON:2MS, PRON:3D, PRON:3FD, PRON:3FP, PRON:3FS, PRON:3MD, PRON:3MP, PRON:3MS", "EnglishName": "Attached Pronoun Suffix", "IndoName": "Dhamir Sufiks (Terikat)", "Description": "Fitur pronomina terikat yang melekat pada isim, fi‘il, atau ḥarf. Bentuknya menandai persona, gender, dan jumlah. Pada isim, dhamir terikat umumnya berfungsi posesif; pada fi‘il dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek; dan setelah huruf jar berfungsi sebagai komplemen pronominal dalam posisi jar.", "DescriptionEn": "An attached pronominal feature joined to a noun, verb, or particle. Its form marks person, gender, and number. With nouns, attached pronouns are generally possessive; with verbs, they may function as subject or object pronouns; and after prepositions, they function as pronominal complements in a genitive position.", "ArabicExamples": [ "كِتَابُهُ", "رَأَيْتُهُ", "كَتَبُوا", "لَهُمْ", "رَبُّنَا" ], "ArabicExamplesFullHarakat": [ "كِتَابُهُ", "رَأَيْتُهُ", "كَتَبُوا", "لَهُمْ", "رَبُّنَا" ], "IndoExamples": [ "bukunya", "aku melihatnya", "mereka telah menulis", "bagi / untuk mereka", "Tuhan kami" ], "EngExamples": [ "his book", "I saw him", "they wrote", "for them", "our Lord" ], "DataTables": [ { "IndoName": "Bentuk Dhamir Terikat sebagai Sufiks Nominal atau Preposisional", "RowsData": [ [ "Kategori", "Jamak", "Ganda", "Tunggal" ], [ "Orang Ketiga (Laki-laki)", "ـهُمْ", "ـهُمَا", "ـهُ" ], [ "Orang Ketiga (Perempuan)", "ـهُنَّ", "ـهُمَا", "ـهَا" ], [ "Orang Kedua (Laki-laki)", "ـكُمْ", "ـكُمَا", "ـكَ" ], [ "Orang Kedua (Perempuan)", "ـكُنَّ", "ـكُمَا", "ـكِ" ], [ "Orang Pertama", "ـنَا", "—", "ـي / ـنِي" ] ] }, { "IndoName": "Fungsi Dhamir Terikat", "RowsData": [ [ "Konteks", "Fungsi", "Contoh", "Penjelasan" ], [ "Melekat pada isim", "Posesif / muḍāf ilayh", "كِتَابُهُ", "ـهُ menunjukkan pemilik dan berada pada posisi jar sebagai muḍāf ilayh." ], [ "Melekat pada fi‘il", "Objek", "رَأَيْتُهُ", "ـهُ berfungsi sebagai objek dan berada pada posisi naṣb." ], [ "Melekat pada fi‘il", "Subjek", "كَتَبُوا", "وَاوُ الْجَمَاعَةِ menunjukkan pelaku orang ketiga maskulin jamak dan berada pada posisi raf‘." ], [ "Melekat pada huruf jar", "Komplemen pronominal", "لَهُمْ", "ـهُمْ berada pada posisi jar karena didahului huruf jar لِـ." ] ] } ], "DataTablesEng": [ { "EnglishName": "Attached Pronoun Forms with Nouns or Prepositions", "RowsData": [ [ "Category", "Plural", "Dual", "Singular" ], [ "Third Person (Masculine)", "ـهُمْ", "ـهُمَا", "ـهُ" ], [ "Third Person (Feminine)", "ـهُنَّ", "ـهُمَا", "ـهَا" ], [ "Second Person (Masculine)", "ـكُمْ", "ـكُمَا", "ـكَ" ], [ "Second Person (Feminine)", "ـكُنَّ", "ـكُمَا", "ـكِ" ], [ "First Person", "ـنَا", "—", "ـي / ـنِي" ] ] }, { "EnglishName": "Functions of Attached Pronouns", "RowsData": [ [ "Context", "Function", "Example", "Explanation" ], [ "Attached to a noun", "Possessive / muḍāf ilayh", "كِتَابُهُ", "ـهُ marks the possessor and occupies a genitive position as muḍāf ilayh." ], [ "Attached to a verb", "Object", "رَأَيْتُهُ", "ـهُ functions as an object and occupies an accusative position." ], [ "Attached to a verb", "Subject", "كَتَبُوا", "وَاوُ الْجَمَاعَةِ marks a third person masculine plural subject and occupies a nominative position." ], [ "Attached to a preposition", "Pronominal complement", "لَهُمْ", "ـهُمْ occupies a genitive position because it follows the preposition لِـ." ] ] } ], "Penjelasan": [ { "IndoName": "Tidak Berdiri Sendiri", "EngName": "Cannot Stand Alone", "Description": "Dhamir sufiks merupakan segmen terikat dan tidak digunakan sebagai kata bebas.", "DescriptionEn": "A pronoun suffix is a bound segment and is not used as an independent word.", "ArabicExamples": [ "ـهُ", "ـكُمْ", "ـنَا" ], "IndoExamples": [ "ـهُ harus melekat pada kata.", "ـكُمْ harus melekat pada kata.", "ـنَا harus melekat pada kata." ], "EngExamples": [ "ـهُ must attach to a word.", "ـكُمْ must attach to a word.", "ـنَا must attach to a word." ] }, { "IndoName": "Persona, Gender, dan Jumlah", "EngName": "Person, Gender, and Number", "Description": "Bentuk dhamir terikat mengodekan persona, dan pada bentuk tertentu juga gender serta jumlah.", "DescriptionEn": "The form of an attached pronoun encodes person and, where applicable, gender and number.", "ArabicExamples": [ "ـهُ", "ـهَا", "ـهُمْ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "ـهُ = orang ketiga maskulin tunggal.", "ـهَا = orang ketiga feminin tunggal.", "ـهُمْ = orang ketiga maskulin jamak." ], "EngExamples": [ "ـهُ = third person masculine singular.", "ـهَا = third person feminine singular.", "ـهُمْ = third person masculine plural." ] }, { "IndoName": "Fungsi Bergantung pada Kata Induk", "EngName": "Function Depends on the Host", "Description": "Fungsi sintaksis dhamir terikat ditentukan oleh jenis kata yang ditempelinya dan konteks kalimat.", "DescriptionEn": "The syntactic function of an attached pronoun depends on the type of host word and the sentence context.", "ArabicExamples": [ "كِتَابُهُ", "رَأَيْتُهُ", "بِهِ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "Pada كِتَابُهُ, ـهُ menunjukkan kepemilikan.", "Pada رَأَيْتُهُ, ـهُ adalah objek.", "Pada بِهِ, ـهُ adalah komplemen pronominal setelah huruf jar." ], "EngExamples": [ "In كِتَابُهُ, ـهُ marks possession.", "In رَأَيْتُهُ, ـهُ is the object.", "In بِهِ, ـهُ is a pronominal complement after a preposition." ] } ] }, { "Type": "1P, 1S, 2D, 2FD, 2FP, 2FS, 2MD, 2MP, 2MS, 3D, 3FD, 3FP, 3FS, 3MD, 3MP, 3MS", "EnglishName": "Verb Person, Gender, and Number", "IndoName": "Persona, Gender, dan Jumlah pada Fi‘il", "Description": "Fitur infleksi pada fi‘il yang menunjukkan persona, gender, dan jumlah pelaku melalui bentuk verba. Fitur ini bukan POS tersendiri; kombinasinya antara lain orang pertama, kedua, atau ketiga dengan bentuk tunggal, ganda, atau jamak serta gender maskulin atau feminin bila dibedakan.", "DescriptionEn": "Inflectional features on verbs that indicate the subject's person, gender, and number through verbal morphology. These are not separate parts of speech; combinations include first, second, or third person with singular, dual, or plural number and masculine or feminine gender where distinguished.", "ArabicExamples": [ "أَكْتُبُ", "نَكْتُبُ", "تَكْتُبِينَ", "تَكْتُبَانِ", "يَكْتُبُونَ" ], "ArabicExamplesFullHarakat": [ "أَكْتُبُ", "نَكْتُبُ", "تَكْتُبِينَ", "تَكْتُبَانِ", "يَكْتُبُونَ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "aku menulis", "kami menulis", "kamu perempuan menulis", "kalian berdua menulis", "mereka laki-laki menulis" ], "EngExamples": [ "I write", "we write", "you (feminine singular) write", "you two write", "they (masculine plural) write" ], "DataTables": [ { "IndoName": "Kode Persona, Gender, dan Jumlah", "RowsData": [ [ "Notasi", "Makna", "Contoh Arab", "Keterangan" ], [ "1S", "Orang pertama tunggal", "أَكْتُبُ", "Persona pertama; tunggal." ], [ "1P", "Orang pertama jamak", "نَكْتُبُ", "Persona pertama; jamak." ], [ "2FS", "Orang kedua feminin tunggal", "تَكْتُبِينَ", "Persona kedua; feminin; tunggal." ], [ "2D", "Orang kedua ganda", "تَكْتُبَانِ", "Persona kedua; ganda." ], [ "3MP", "Orang ketiga maskulin jamak", "يَكْتُبُونَ", "Persona ketiga; maskulin; jamak." ] ] } ], "DataTablesEng": [ { "EnglishName": "Person, Gender, and Number Codes", "RowsData": [ [ "Notation", "Meaning", "Arabic Example", "Description" ], [ "1S", "First person singular", "أَكْتُبُ", "First person; singular." ], [ "1P", "First person plural", "نَكْتُبُ", "First person; plural." ], [ "2FS", "Second person feminine singular", "تَكْتُبِينَ", "Second person; feminine; singular." ], [ "2D", "Second person dual", "تَكْتُبَانِ", "Second person; dual." ], [ "3MP", "Third person masculine plural", "يَكْتُبُونَ", "Third person; masculine; plural." ] ] } ], "Penjelasan": [ { "IndoName": "Infleksi Verbal", "EngName": "Verbal Inflection", "Description": "Persona, gender, dan jumlah dapat tercermin melalui prefiks, sufiks, atau kombinasi keduanya pada fi‘il.", "DescriptionEn": "Person, gender, and number may be reflected by prefixes, suffixes, or a combination of both on the verb.", "ArabicExamples": [ "أَكْتُبُ", "تَكْتُبِينَ", "يَكْتُبُونَ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "أَكْتُبُ menandai orang pertama tunggal.", "تَكْتُبِينَ menandai orang kedua feminin tunggal.", "يَكْتُبُونَ menandai orang ketiga maskulin jamak." ], "EngExamples": [ "أَكْتُبُ marks first person singular.", "تَكْتُبِينَ marks second person feminine singular.", "يَكْتُبُونَ marks third person masculine plural." ] }, { "IndoName": "Kesesuaian dengan Pelaku", "EngName": "Subject Agreement", "Description": "Bentuk fi‘il membawa informasi gramatikal tentang pelaku sesuai sistem persona, gender, dan jumlah.", "DescriptionEn": "The verb form carries grammatical information about its subject according to the system of person, gender, and number.", "ArabicExamples": [ "هُوَ يَكْتُبُ", "هِيَ تَكْتُبُ", "هُمْ يَكْتُبُونَ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "Dia laki-laki menulis.", "Dia perempuan menulis.", "Mereka laki-laki menulis." ], "EngExamples": [ "He writes.", "She writes.", "They (masculine) write." ] }, { "IndoName": "Subjek Dapat Dipahami dari Bentuk Fi‘il", "EngName": "Subject Recoverable from the Verb", "Description": "Dalam banyak konstruksi, persona pelaku dapat diketahui dari bentuk fi‘il tanpa menyebut dhamir munfaṣil secara terpisah.", "DescriptionEn": "In many constructions, the subject's person can be recovered from the verb form without a separate independent pronoun.", "ArabicExamples": [ "أَكْتُبُ", "نَكْتُبُ", "اُكْتُبْ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "أَكْتُبُ sudah menunjukkan 'aku'.", "نَكْتُبُ sudah menunjukkan 'kami/kita'.", "اُكْتُبْ sudah menunjukkan perintah kepada 'kamu' laki-laki tunggal." ], "EngExamples": [ "أَكْتُبُ already indicates 'I'.", "نَكْتُبُ already indicates 'we'.", "اُكْتُبْ already indicates a command to masculine singular 'you'." ] } ] }, { "Type": "M, F, MS, FS, MD, FD, MP, FP", "EnglishName": "Gender and Number", "IndoName": "Gender dan Jumlah", "Description": "Fitur gramatikal lintas kategori yang menandai gender maskulin atau feminin serta jumlah tunggal, ganda, atau jamak. Fitur ini dapat muncul pada berbagai kategori kata dan digunakan bersama fitur lain untuk menjelaskan bentuk morfologis secara lebih tepat.", "DescriptionEn": "Cross-category grammatical features marking masculine or feminine gender and singular, dual, or plural number. These features may occur with several parts of speech and combine with other features to describe morphological forms more precisely.", "ArabicExamples": [ "مُفْرَدٌ", "مُثَنًّى", "جَمْعٌ", "مُذَكَّرٌ", "مُؤَنَّثٌ" ], "ArabicExamplesFullHarakat": [ "مُفْرَدٌ", "مُثَنًّى", "جَمْعٌ", "مُذَكَّرٌ", "مُؤَنَّثٌ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "tunggal", "ganda", "jamak", "maskulin", "feminin" ], "EngExamples": [ "singular", "dual", "plural", "masculine", "feminine" ], "DataTables": [ { "IndoName": "Fitur Gender dan Jumlah", "RowsData": [ [ "Fitur", "Notasi", "Istilah Arab", "Makna Indonesia" ], [ "Gender", "M", "مُذَكَّر", "maskulin / laki-laki" ], [ "Gender", "F", "مُؤَنَّث", "feminin / perempuan" ], [ "Jumlah", "S", "مُفْرَد", "tunggal" ], [ "Jumlah", "D", "مُثَنًّى", "ganda / dua" ], [ "Jumlah", "P", "جَمْع", "jamak" ] ] } ], "DataTablesEng": [ { "EnglishName": "Gender and Number Features", "RowsData": [ [ "Feature", "Notation", "Arabic Term", "English Meaning" ], [ "Gender", "M", "مُذَكَّر", "masculine" ], [ "Gender", "F", "مُؤَنَّث", "feminine" ], [ "Number", "S", "مُفْرَد", "singular" ], [ "Number", "D", "مُثَنًّى", "dual" ], [ "Number", "P", "جَمْع", "plural" ] ] } ], "Penjelasan": [ { "IndoName": "Fitur Lintas Kategori", "EngName": "Cross-Category Features", "Description": "Gender dan jumlah bukan POS, melainkan fitur morfologis yang dapat menyertai beberapa kategori kata.", "DescriptionEn": "Gender and number are not parts of speech; they are morphological features that may accompany several word categories.", "ArabicExamples": [ "رَجُلٌ", "امْرَأَةٌ", "يَكْتُبُونَ" ], "IndoExamples": [ "رَجُلٌ adalah isim maskulin tunggal.", "امْرَأَةٌ adalah isim feminin tunggal.", "يَكْتُبُونَ adalah fi‘il dengan pelaku maskulin jamak." ], "EngExamples": [ "رَجُلٌ is a masculine singular noun.", "امْرَأَةٌ is a feminine singular noun.", "يَكْتُبُونَ is a verb with a masculine plural subject." ] }, { "IndoName": "Bentuk Ganda", "EngName": "Dual Number", "Description": "Bahasa Arab memiliki kategori jumlah ganda yang berbeda dari tunggal dan jamak.", "DescriptionEn": "Arabic has a dual number category distinct from both singular and plural.", "ArabicExamples": [ "رَجُلَانِ", "امْرَأَتَانِ", "هُمَا" ], "IndoExamples": [ "dua laki-laki", "dua perempuan", "mereka berdua" ], "EngExamples": [ "two men", "two women", "they two" ] }, { "IndoName": "Kombinasi Fitur", "EngName": "Feature Combination", "Description": "Gender dan jumlah dapat digabung dengan persona untuk membentuk notasi seperti 3MS, 3FP, dan 2D.", "DescriptionEn": "Gender and number may combine with person to form notations such as 3MS, 3FP, and 2D.", "ArabicExamples": [ "هُوَ", "هُنَّ", "أَنْتُمَا" ], "IndoExamples": [ "هُوَ = 3MS, orang ketiga maskulin tunggal.", "هُنَّ = 3FP, orang ketiga feminin jamak.", "أَنْتُمَا = 2D, orang kedua ganda." ], "EngExamples": [ "هُوَ = 3MS, third person masculine singular.", "هُنَّ = 3FP, third person feminine plural.", "أَنْتُمَا = 2D, second person dual." ] } ] } ], "Penjelasan": [] }